1BATXILLERAT

WRITING MADE EASIER! Find tenses, connectors and other useful expressions to improve your compositions here!   + ppt Written expression from assumptames Click on the link below for further practice: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses/exercises?07 TENSES!!! REVISION:  1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH SIMPLE PAST, PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT: 1. When I (arrive)  home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare)  a beautiful candlelight dinner. ARRIVED, WAS PREPARING 2. Since I began acting, I (perform)  in two plays, a television commercial and a TV drama. However, I (speak, never even)  publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985. HAVE PERFORMED, HAD NEVER HEARD 3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already)  without me. My boss (be)  furious with me and I (be)  fired. HAD ALREADY BEGUN, WAS, WAS 4. When I (turn)  the radio on yesterday, I (hear)  a song that was popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not)  the song in years, and it (bring) back some great memories. TURNED, HEARD, HADN'T HEARD, BROUGHT 5. Last week, I (run)  into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We (see, not)  each other in years, and both of us (change)  a great deal. I (enjoy)  talking to her so much that I (ask)  her out on a date. We are getting together tonight for dinner. RAN, HADN'T SEEN, HAD CHANGED, ENJOYED, ASKED (HAVE ENJOYED, HAVE ASKED) 6. When Jack (enter)  the room, I (recognize, not)  him because he (lose)  so much weight and (grow)  a beard. He looked totally different! ENTERED, DIDN'T RECOGNIZE, HAD LOST, HAD GROWN  2. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING DIALOGUE WITH SIMPLE FUTURE OR FURURE PERFECT: Judy: How long have you been in Miami? Elaine: I have only been here for a couple of weeks. Judy: How long do you plan on staying? Elaine: I love Miami, so I (stay)  here for an extended period of time. When I go back home, I (be)  here for more than three months. AM GOING TO STAY, WILL HAVE BEEN Judy: Wow, that's quite a vacation! You (see, definitely)  just about everything there is to see in Miami by then. WILL DEFINITELY HAVE SEEN 3. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH Simple Present, Simple Future, Present Continuous, and Future Continuous: 1. Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I (watch)  TV as well. 2. Tomorrow after school, I (go)  to the beach. 3. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do)  paperwork and (talk)  to annoying customers on the phone, I (lie)  on a sunny, tropical beach. Are you jealous? 4. We (hide)  when Tony (arrive)  at his surprise party. As soon as he opens the door, we (jump)  out and (scream) , "Surprise!" 5. We work out at the fitness center every day after work. If you (come)  over while we (work)  out, we will not be able to let you into the house. Just to be safe, we (leave)  a key under the welcome mat so you will not have to wait outside. 6. While you (study)  at home, Magda (be)  in class. 7. When I (get)  to the party, Sally and Doug (dance) , John (make)  drinks, Sue and Frank (discuss)  something controversial, and Mary (complain)  about something unimportant. They are always doing the same things. They are so predictable. 8. When you (get)  off the plane, I (wait)  for you. 9. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake)  up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine) . 10. If you (need)  to contact me sometime next week, I (stay)  at the Sheraton in San Francisco. 1. Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I (watch) will be watching TV as well.  2. Tomorrow after school, I (go) am going to go to the beach.  3. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do) are doing paperwork and (talk) are talking to annoying customers on the phone, I (lie) will be lying on a sunny, tropical beach. Are you jealous? 4. We (hide) will be hiding when Tony (arrive) arrives at his surprise party. As soon as he opens the door, we (jump) are going to jump out and (scream) scream, "Surprise!" 5. We work out at the fitness center every day after work. If you (come) come over while we (work) are working out, we will not be able to let you into the house. Just to be safe, we (leave) will leave a key under the welcome mat so you will not have to wait outside. 6. While you (study) are studying at home, Magda (be) will be in class. 7. When I (get) get to the party, Sally and Doug (dance) will be dancing, John (make) will be making drinks, Sue and Frank (discuss) will be discussing something controversial, and Mary (complain) will be complaining about something unimportant. They are always doing the same things. They are so predictable. 8. When you (get) get off the plane, I (wait) will be waiting for you. 9. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) wake up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine) will be shining. 10. If you (need) need to contact me sometime next week, I (stay) will be staying at the Sheraton in San Francisco. Reported speech from assumptames The passive 3rs 4ts (1) from assumptames                                FILMS WORD LIST --> 3D film película en 3D pel·lícula en 3D 3D-Film 3D film 3D film action acción acció Aktion action azione actor actor actor Schauspieler acteur attore aperture apertura apertura Blende ouverture apertura camera cámara càmera Kamera appareil photo macchina fotografica cartoons dibujos animados dibuixos animats Zeichentrickfilm dessins animés cartoni animati censor censor censor Zensor censurer censore close-up primer plano primer plànol Großaufnahme gros plan primo piano comedy comedia comèdia Komödie comédie commedia composer compositor compositor Komponist compositeur compositore crew equipo de rodaje equip de rodatge Kamerateam équipe troupe cinematografica director director director Filmregisseur directeur direttore documentary film documental documental Dokumentarfilm film documentaire film documentario drama drama drama Drama drame dramma edit editar editar Montage éditer montare editor editor editor Schnitt éditeur editore effects effectos efectes die Effekte effets effetti fade desvacecerse esvair-se Ausblende s'estomper affievolirsi fade-in fundido fos aufblenden fondu en ouverture fade-in floodlight foco focus Scheinwerfer projecteur riflettore hairstylist peluquero perruquer Friseurin coiffeur parrucchiere historical histórico històric historisch historique storico performer actor actor Darsteller acteur attore porn porno pornografia Pornographie porno porno suspense suspense suspens Spannung suspens suspense terror film película de terror pel·lícula de terror Schreckenfilm film de terreur film de terrore thriller suspense suspens Thriller thriller thriller tragedy tragedia tragèdia Tragödie tragédie tragedia set decorado decorat Dekoration plateau set PASSIVE VOICE A GOOD CHART NEEDED? Click below for a good one for the form: http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/6105121.png CLICK ON THE FOLLOWING LINK TO CHECK YOUR ANSWERS: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples-of-active-and-passive-voice.html RELATIONSHIPS   Are you a fan of these guys? Watch their episodes in english with English subtitles on this link: http://itvmovie.eu/m/watch-online/how-i-met-your-mother-season-5-920-1-1.html              When I Was Your Man by Bruno Mars  Same bed but it feels just ___________________ bigger now Our song on the radio but it don't!!!! sound the same When our friends talk about you          All it does is just tear me down Because my heart breaks ___________ When I hear your name It all just sounds like oh ________ young, _________ dumb to realize That I ___________________________ you flowers And held your hand Should ___________________ you all my hours When I had the chance _____________ you to every party Because all you wanted to do was dance Now my baby's dancing But she's dancing with another man My pride, my ego, my needs, and my selfish ways Caused the good strong woman like you To walk out of my life Now I never, never get to clean up the _________  I made And it haunts me every time I close my eyes It all just sounds like oh ________ young, _______ dumb to realize That I ____________________ you flowers And held your hand... _______________________ you all my hours When I had the chance Take you to every party Because all you wanted to do was dance Now my baby's dancing But she's dancing with another man Although it ____________ I'll be the first to say that I was wrong I know I'm probably ___________________ To try and apologize for my mistakes But I just want you to know CHORUS Do all the things I _______________________ When I was your man Do all the things I _______________________ When I was your man  MODALS  CHECK THE FOLLOWING LINKS: MUST OR HAVE TO? BBC ANSWERS. MUST OR HAVE TO? ENGLISH GRAMMAR SECRETS ANSWERS.  SCIENCE ... AND SOME MORE SCIENCE! A FIVE-MINUTE DEBATE ON... Nuclear energy YOU CAN POST YOUR OPINION ON THE BLOG AS WELL! Anthony Atala asks, "Can we grow organs instead of transplanting them?" http://www.ted.com/talks/anthony_atala_growing_organs_engineering_tissue.html Introduction of the talk: a picture Where is it? What is in it? Where was first transplant? When was first transplant? What did doctors transplant? For and against arguments Today, less patients? Reasons: Major issues about tissues replacement Statistics Can animals regenerate themselves? Which ones? And humans? How? Difficulties abd solutions FUTURE TENSES                       1. Pre. cont. Am/is/are + gerund Planned and completely arranged or definite actions   2. Will + V Dreams, unplanned actions, spontaneous decisions, offers, requests, promises, threatening, timetable + schedule + calendar    3. Am/is/are + going to + V Intentions, planned actions (not completely arranged/not definite)     Future perfect: Will + have + past participle (ANTERIORITAT EN EL FUTUR) 2 future actions but one is previously completed     * by now     Future continuous: Will + be + gerund (ACTION IN PROGRESS IN THE FUTURE MOMENT WE ARE TALKING ABOUT)      * this time, at + time, Nbc latino news Our publishers help us study for our Unit tests too, did you know that? These are the steps to download the activities they have published: 1. Click on the link below. https://www.burlingtonbooks.com/Spain/Page.aspx?PageID=1573 2. Go to the Website Activities section and click on  Bachillerato 1 Activities. 3. Tell your computer where to download the activities. AND...  PICTURE DESCRIPTIONS This is a great website to learn how to describe a picture. I hope you like it too! http://www.autoenglish.org/oralexams/describing.htm MATERIALS english spanish catalan german french italian bamboo bambú bambú Bambus bambou bambù bronze bronce bronze Bronze bronze bronzo clay arcilla argila Lehm argile argilla coal carbón carbó Kohle charbon carbone copper cobre coure Kupfer cuivre rame glass vidrio vidre Glas verre vetro gold oro or Gold or oro leather cuero cuir Leder cuir cuoio linen lino lli Leinen linge lino paper papel paper Papier papier carta plastic plástico plàstic Kunststoff plastique plastico platinum Platinum platí Platin platine platino plomb plomb plom Plomb plomb gesso satin satén setí Satin satin raso silk seda seda Seide soie seta silver plata argent Silber argent argento steel acero acer Stahl acier acciaio stone piedra pedra Stein pierre pietra wax cera cera Wachs cire cera wood madera fusta Holz bois legno plaster escayola escaiola Putz plâtre intonaco rubber caucho cautxú Gummi caoutchouc gomma cement cemento ciment Zement ciment cemento latex látex làtex Latex latex lattico tar alquitrán quitrà Teer goudron catame TENSES & TIME EXPRESSIONS Click here to see the chart                                     UNIT 4 TEST: any help?                                      STUDENT'S BOOK LINK. Try clicking on Student's Zone > Bachillerato > Extra Practice > Modals Do you remember the Grammar Aquarium?  Further practice there. More exercises online. In the Gramática section on your left, you will find very useful activities. More modals verbs! MAKE OR DO GAME Arrange the words in the handprint into 2 columns: MAKE & DO collocations. For a test on MAKE and DO collocations, click here CONSUMERISM!!! LIST OF WORDS I still would add some spendaholic and compulsive spender, waste money, savings... Wanna test your parents or yourself? Try clicking here: TEST                HAVE + something + PAST PARTICIPLE                                                                   Someone does something for you                                    She has her hair cut every month                                      She is having her hair cut now                                         I had my hair cut yesterday                             I was having my hair cut yesterday at 5pm                                                   I will have my hair cut tomorrow                                   I am going to have my hair cut at 6pm                                                        By the time he arrived, I had had my hair cut                                         I have just had my hair cut                            You should have your hair cut. It is too long. OTHER EXPRESSIONS:    have (my, your,...) nails polished,  have one's legs waxed, have my car repaired,...

1BATXILLERAT 2016-2017


GRAMMAR
Verb tenses
Sufijos
Oraciones de relativo
Los verbos modales
Los modales perfectos
El gerundio y el infinitivo
La voz pasiva
Oraciones finales y consecutivas
El estilo indirecto
El condicional con IF
Wish clauses
Prefijos
El condicional sin IF  
       
ACTIVITIES
Review the tenses
Verb tenses
Relative pronouns
Modal and modal perfects
Passive
Reported speech
Conditional sentences
Time clauses

WRITING
Coordinating conjunctions
Connectors of addition, contrast, reason, cause, result, purpose, sequence
Other structures: order of adjectives, adjectives ending in –ing /-ed ;
       -ful / -less; noun clauses; to-infinitive  & bare infinitive structure.
Connectors: summary.
Writing reference for the different kinds of essays:
A narrative
A personal description
A place description: house & furniture & fittings.
A place description: towns.
A book or film review
A biography
An opinion essay
A for & against essay
A description of a celebration, festival.
Writing an informal letter
Writing a formal letter

GRAMMAR
  
APPENDIX

TIEMPOS VERBALES :  DE PRESENTE, PASADO Y FUTURO

PRESENTE

USOS DEL SIMPLE PRESENT : ‘ I WORK /  HE WORKS’

1. Acciones habituales( que ocurren una y otra vez): I get up at 7. I sometimes  stay up till
      midnight.
2. Verdades universales: Summer follows spring. Gases expand when heated.
3. Hechos que son siempre verdaderos o verdaderos durante mucho tiempo: He comes from
    Germany. My daughter has brown eyes.
4. Hechos que permanecen igual durante mucho tiempo: My sister works in a bank. I prefer
    coffee to tea.I live in a flat near the centre of town.
5. Referencia futura ( para horarios, programas, etc.): The concert begins at 7.30 next Friday
    evening.
6. Observaciones y declaraciones: I hope so. It says here that... I love you. I hate him.
7. Instrucciones: First you weigh the ingredients.
8. Comentarios deportivos: Becker serves to Lendl.
Referencias temporales:
 a)adverbios de frecuencia: always,never, usually, normally, generally, often, sometimes, seldom, etc.
b) expresiones temporales:every day/week/month/year, every time; once/twice/tree times a day/week/month,etc.; in the morning/afternoon/evening.

USOS DEL PRESENT CONTINUOUS : ‘ I AM WORKING / HE IS WORKING’

1. Acciones que ocurren en el momento de hablar(actividades): He’s working at the moment.
2. Acciones y situaciones, que son verdaderas ahora, pero que no estan necesariamente
   ocurriendo en el momento de hablar:  My daughter is studying English at Valencia
   University. Don’t take that book. Jane’s reading it.
3. Acciones planeadas ( + referencia adverbial futura): We’re spending next winter in The
   Canary Islands.
4. Acciones repetidas con adverbios como always, forever. She’s always helping people.
Referencias temporales:
 now, at (the) this moment, at present,  look! , Call somebody’s name, Sshhh, etc.
today, this week/month, etc.


PASADO

USOS DEL SIMPLE PAST : ‘I WORKED / HE WORKED’

1. Expresar una acción acabada en el pasado. : Joan cleaned her room on Friday.  He put
    on a clean shirt yesteday.
2. Acciones que se siguen en una historia: Mary walked into the room and stopped. She
    listened carefully.etc.
3. Acciones que ocurrieron una después de otra:When the phone rang, Kate answered it. We
    sheltered under a tree when it started to rain.When Bob saw the accident, he fainted.
     What did you do before you came here ?
4. Expresar una situación pasada o hábito: When I was a child, we lived in a small house
    by the sea. Every day I walked for miles on the beach with my dog.
          *  Este uso se expresa a menudo por used to (solia): I used to live in a small
             house... I used to walk miles...
Referencias temporales: yesterday morning / afternoon / etc. Last week / month, etc., two days / weeks / etc. ago; in 1997,  when I was a child, etc.


USOS DEL PAST PROGRESSIVE : ‘I WAS WORKING’

1. Acciones en movimiento en un tiempo específico (concreto) del pasado :’ What were you
   doing at 1.00 last night?’ ‘I was watching T.V.’
  * A menudo usamos all para enfatizar la continuidad ( all day,summer):It was raining all night.
2. Acciones incompletas que estaban en movimiento, interrumpidas por acciones completas
   (cuando algo más ocurría):
      Just as / When I was leaving the phone rang. I was leaving when the phone rang.
   A menudo estas van introducidas por conjunciones como when, as, just as, as soon as,
   While (cuando) y  before.
3. Acciones incompletas en movimiento que tienen lugar al mismo tiempo(while:mientras):
    While I was reading, John was playing the piano.
4. Acciones repetidas con ejemplo: always: When I worked here, I was always making
    mistakes.
5. Actividades incompletas en el pasado para contrastar con el pasado simple que expresa una
   actividad completa. I was reading a book during the flight. (I didn’t finish it)
     I watched a film during the flight. (the whole film)
6. Preguntas corteses: I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
7. Para describir una situación o actividad durante un periodo de tiempo en el pasado. E.g. Jill
    looked lovely. She was wearing a green cotton dress. Her eyes werre shining in the light od
    the candles that were burning nearby.

USOS DEL SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT : ‘ I HAVE EATEN / HE HAS EATEN’

1. Acciones que empezaron en el pasado y llegan hasta el momento presente:
    - con referencias temporales como before (now), ever, never ... before, up till now, so far.
       I have received 20 cards so far. I have never tasted avocado (before).
    - con since / for: I’ve lived here since 1980. I’ve lived here for 24 years.
        since: desde ; for: desde hace . Se traduce normalmente por presente de indicativo.
Acciones que ocurrieron en un tiempo no especificado del pasado(pero que los efectos de la
     acción todavía se sienten o (tienen un resultado presente)
    - (van sin ninguna referencia de tiempo):I have been to the States (I still remember).
    - (van con adverbios de tiempo no acabado: this morning, today, this week, this year,etc):
        He has written 4 letters this morning. Some dreadful things have happened during the 20th
        century.  
    - con referencia de tiempos recientes, como just,lately, recently, already, still, yet:
               I’ve just eaten.The taxi hasn’t arrived (we are still waiting for it)
    - acciones repetidas / habituales: I’ve watched him on TV several times. I’ve often met
           her.

USOS DEL PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE :’I HAVE BEEN EATING’

1.Expresa una actividad que empezó en el pasado y todavía continua ahora.(como enfatizar
   que algo se ha estado desarrolllando durante todo un periodo de tiempo): En lugar de decir :
   I’ve typed all day, podemos decir, por énfasis, I’ve been typing all day. Esto quiere decir
   que la acción puede que haya acabado o no.
2. Expresar continuidad ( con verbos como learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, study, wait,
   work); a menudo los usamos con since / for, y también los podemos usar con el present
   perfect :  I’ve been waiting here for two hours. I’ve been working here since 1987.
Referencias temporales: for, since, all morning/night,etc.





USOS DEL SIMPLE PAST PERFECT :’I HAD WORKED’

1. Para referirnos a ‘ un pasado anterior ‘,al que estamos pensando, o para describir la primera de dos o más acciones.
              First the patient died. Then the doctor arrived.
              The patient had died when the doctor arrived.
Referencias temporales: A menudo introducimos el el past perfect con conjunciones como when, before, after, as soon as, by the time (that), . Y adverbios como already, ever, never ... before.

USOS DEL PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE :’I HAD BEEN WORKING’

Una acción que estaba en movimiento antes de una segunda acción/ tiempo definido del pasado, y que se completó antes.

The grass was wet because it had been raining all night long.

FUTURO

USOS DE  ‘WILL/shall’
1. Acciones que expresan la opinión, suposición, ilusión y esperanza del que habla. (lo que pensamos o creemos). A veces van introducidos por ciertos verbos y adverbios: (I’m sure) he’ll come back. (I suppose) they’ll sell the house. (Perhaps) we’ll find him at the hotel. They’ll (probably) wait for us. Tottenham will win on Saturday. (I expect) they’ll be here at around 10.
Referencias: Van introducidos por verbos como: assume, be afraid, be/feel sure, believe, dare say (diría):I dare say he’ll come back., doubt, expect, hope, know, suppose, think, wonder o adverbios como : perhaps, possibly, probably, surely.
2. Hacer predicciones: It will rain tomorrow. I don’t know if I shall see you next week.
3. Decisiones/ Intenciones(que se toman en el momento de hablar) / promesas: I’ll stop and
    ask the way.  I’ll buy you a bicycle for your birthday.
4. En estilo formal, para decir lo que ocurrirá en los acontecimientos que han sido arreglados.
    The wedding will take place at Sant Pere’s on July 27th.

OTROS USOS DE SHALL Y WILL

1. Peticiones / invitaciones: Will you hold the door open for me, please ?
2. Ofrecimientos:Shall I get your coat for you ?
3. Sugerencias: Shall we go for a swim tomorrow ?
4. Amenazas: Just wait ! You’ll regret this !
5. Ilusiones y esperanzas: I hope she’ll get the job she’s applied for. She’ll get a surprise. – I
    expect she will.

USOS DEL SIMPLE PRESENT

Para hablar de horarios y programas fijos. We leave at two o’clock tomorrow. What time does the film start ?

USOS DEL PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Planes, preparativos y citas. We are meeting Paul tonight.

Nota: Se usa con verbos de movimiento: e.g.  to go, come, meet, run, etc excepto to see. Casi siempre se traduce por presente simple. Va acompañado de tiempo, excepto los verbos to go & come.



USOS OF THE ‘GOING TO’ FUTURE
1. Predicciones: Cuando hay evidencia de que algo va a ocurrir (basadas en la realidad).
           Look! She’s going to faint. ( No ‘will’ )
                           o que podamos describir algo que sabemos tendrá lugar en el futuro
           Susan and John are going to be married in May.

2. Intenciones y decisiones premeditadas o planeadas:   Usamos going to más que will en estilo informal:
             I’m going to practise the piano for two hours this evening.
3. Acciones planeadas: Usamos going to como el presente o futuro progresivo.(Es la alternativa al presente continuo)
                  We’re going to spend the winter in Australia.
              o  We’re spending the winter in Australia.
              o  We’ll be spending the winter in Australia.  

USOS DEL FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
1. Para enfatizar acciones que  estarán en pleno desarrrollo en un momento dado del futuro.
     By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach.

   *  El futuro progresivo suaviza el futuro y suena más cortés:
       When will you be seeing Mr White ? (e.g. assistant to boss)
       When will you finish these letters ? (e.g. boss to assistant)
 
   *  Usamos el futuro progresivo como el presente progresivo para acciones planeadas.
       We’ll be spending the winter in Australia   es lo mismo que
       We’re spending the winter in Australia

USOS DEL FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
1. Lo usamos con by y not ...till / until para indicar que una acción estará ya acabada en un determinado momento del futuro. Lo usamos con verbos como complete, finish y retire.
              I will have retired by the year 2000. I won’t have retired till the year 2000.

USOS DEL FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
1. Lo usamos con verbos como learn, lie, live, rain, sit, wait y work que sugieren continuidad para decir que lo que está en desarrollándose ahora estará desarrollándose en el futuro.
              By this time next week, I will have been working on this book for a year.

‘AM / IS / ARE TO ‘, ‘ BE ABOUT TO ‘, ‘BE DUE TO’
1. Usamos to be to para:
     - planes formales / obligaciones: OPEC representatives are to meet in Geneva in May.
     - citas formales / instrucciones: Three tablets are to be taken twice a day.
     - prohibiciones: You’re not to tell him anything about our plans.

2. To be about to se refiere a un futuro inmediato: Look! The race is just about to start.
3. Usamos a menudo to be due to para referirnos a horarios:
        The plane is due to land at 2.15.

THE FUTURE IN THE PAST
A veces queremos referirnos a acontecimientos que estaban planeados para tener lugar en el pasado. Usamos was going to, was about to, was to y was due to. Usamos estas formas para:
- acontecimientos que no podiamos prever: They didn’t know they were to be reunited ten years later.
- acontecimientos que fueron interrumpidos: We were just going to leave, when Jean had an accident.
A veces también would para ‘destino’ en cuentos:
    They had already reached 9,000 feet. Soon they would reach the top.

WORD BUILDING (FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS)

1. Sustantivos formados a partir de adjetivos.
    Los sufijos más frecuentes que se añaden a los adjetivos para formar sustantivos son los siguientes:

-ness     -ity     -ance     -ence     -ion     -cy

-ness
-ity
-ance
      happy / happiness
lonely / loneliness
aggressive / aggressiveness
blind / blindness
weak / weakness
serious / seriousness
aware / awareness
deaf / deafness
sad / sadness
dark / darkness
ill / illness
      mad / madness
dense / density
equal / equality
productive / productivity
complex / complexity
similar / similarity
regular / regularity
superior / superiority
formal / formality
prosperous / prosperity
generous / generosity
curious / curiosity
secure / security
creative / creativity
elegant / elegance
extravagant / extravagance
ignorant / ignorance
important / importance
relevant / relevance

-ence
-ion
-cy
patient / patience
adolescent / adolescence
competent / competence
different / difference
intelligent / intelligence
coherent / coherence
reverent / reverence
confident / confidence
innocent / innocence
present / presence
resident / residence
obedient / obedience
decadent / decadence
violent / violence
organized / organization
populated / population
irritated / irritation
operated / operation
accurate / accuracy
diplomatic / diplomacy
frequent / frequency
decent / decency
efficient / efficiency
private / privacy
deficient / deficiency
fluent / fluency
urgent / urgency


Hay sin embargo, muchos adjetivos que se convierten en sustantivos de una forma irregular.
angry / anger
beautiful / beauty
brave / bravery
broad / breadth
certain / certainty
courageous / courage
dangerous / danger
dead / death
deep / depth
difficult / difficulty
free / freedom
high / height
honest / honesty
hot / heat
hungry / hunger
long / length
mysterious / mystery
optimistic / optimism
poor / poverty
proud / pride
safe / safety
strong / strength
thirsty / thirst
true / truth
warm / warmth
wide / width
wise / wisdom
young / youth





2. Sustantivos formados a partir de verbos.
Los sufijos más frecuentes que se añaden a los verbos para formar sustantivos son los siguientes:

-al     -ance     -ation     -ion     -ment     -ing

-al
-ance
-ation
arrive / arrival
disapprove / disapproval
survive / survival
approve / approval
revive / revival
dismiss / dismissal
bury / burial
refuse / refusal
perform / performance
disappear / disappearance
appear / appearance
enter / entrance
create / creation
preserve / preservation
organize / organization
civilize / civilization
found / foundation
explain / explanation
educate / education
vary / variation
-ion
-ment
-ing
construct / construction
destroy / destruction
discuss / discussion
invent / invention
arrange / arrangement
retire / retirement
embarrass / embarrassment
excite / excitement
develop / development
improve / improvement
amuse / amusement
mean / meaning
drive / driving
heat / heating
begin / beginning
excite / exciting
feel / feeling
learn / learning
lodge / lodging
read / reading
swim / swimming
write / writing

Hay sin embargo, muchos verbos que se convierten en sustantivos de una forma irregular.
behave / behaviour
compare / comparison
choose / choice
decide / decision
deliver / delivery
depart / departure
die / death
feed / food
fly / flight
inhabit / inhabitant
know / knowledge
laugh / laughter
live / life
marry / marriage
please / pleasure
post / postage
prove / proof
rob / robbery
see / sight
sell / sale
sign / signature
succeed / success
think / thought
weigh / weight
















3. Adjetivos formados a partir de verbos y sustantivos.

Los sufijos más frecuentes que se añaden a los verbos y sustantivos para formar adjectives son los siguientes:

-able     -al     -ful     -ible     -ing     -ive     -y

-able
-al
-ful
-ible
accept / acceptable
believe / believable
irritate / irritable
recognize / recognizable
reason / reasonable
eat / eatable
profit / profitable
understand / understandable
comfort / comfortable
use / useable or usable
predict / predictable
education / educational
accident / accidental
environment / environmental
profession / professional
politics / political
music / musical
logics / logical
region / regional
nation / national
globe / global
origin / original
sentiment / sentimental
colour / colourful
success / successful
help / helpful
peace / peaceful
pain / painful
horror / horrible
comprehend / comprehensible
sense / sensible
divide / divisible
access / accessible
convert / convertible
-ing
-ive
-y

interest / interesting
excite / exciting
amuse / amusing
disgust / disgusting
offence / offensive
destroy / destructive
action / active
product / productive
reception / receptive
construct / constructive
effect / effective
decide / decisive
attract / attractive
create / creative
mass / massive
compete / competitive
luck / lucky
sun / sunny
dirt / dirty
thirst / thirsty
cloud / cloudy
mud / muddy
dust / dusty
sleep / sleepy
rain / rainy
hair / hairy
blood / bloody
sand / sandy
fun / funny














REVIEW  THE  TENSES
Review the tenses in the chart below. .

TENSE
EXAMPLE
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Present simple
I study
I don’t study
Do you study?
always, usually, normally, generally, often, sometimes, seldom, frequently, rarely,  never etc.
 every day / week / month / year;  once / twice / three times a day / week / month, etc.;  in the morning / afternoon / evening.

Present Continuous
I am studying
I am not studying
Are you studying?
now, at the moment, at this moment, at present, look! , Sshh!, call somebody’s name, etc (sentit present)
 today, this week / month / year,. tomorrow morning, afternoon, evening, next week / month / year / summer / Monday, etc. (sentit future)

Past simple
I studied
I didn’t study
Did you study?

yesterday morning/afternoon/ evening, etc.;
Last week /month /year, etc.,
two days /weeks /years  ago, etc;
in 1997,etc.;
when I was a child, etc.

Past Continuous
I was studying
I wasn’t studying
Were you studying?

At 7 o’clock, all day, when, while, etc.

Present Perfect
I have studied
I haven’t studied
Have you studied?
ningun adverbi.
ever, never, already, yet, lately, recently.
just, for, since.

Present perfect Continuous
I have been studying
I haven’t been studying
all morning, all night, the whole night, (+ for / since) etc.

Past Perfect
I had studied
I hadn’t studied
Had you studied?

conjunciones como when, before, after, as soon as, by the time (that), .
Y adverbios como already, ever, never ... before.

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been studying
I hadn’t been studying
Had you been studying?
By the time, when, before, after, until, as soon as, for, since, all, etc.
Present Continuous for future arrangements
I am studying
I am not studying
Are you studying?
this afternoon, tonight; tomorrow / t. morning/afternoon/evening; next Monday/ September /week/month/year, etc.

To be going to
I am going to study
I am not going to study
Are you going to study?
this afternoon, tonight; tomorrow / t. morning/afternoon/evening; next Monday/ September /week/month/year, etc.

Will future
I will study
I won’t study
Will you study?
this afternoon, tonight; tomorrow / t. morning/afternoon/evening; next Monday/ September /week/month/year, etc.

Future Continuous
I will be studying
I won’t be studying
Will you be studying?

at this time tomorrow, at this time next week,  by 7 0’clock, by the end of, etc.

Future perfect
I will have studied
I won’t have studied
Will you have studied?

by this time next week, by ten o’clock, by then, etc.




VERB TENSES
Exercises
1. Present simple or present continuous? ELEMENTARY.
l. She (go) to school every day.
2. We now (learn) English.
3. The sun always (shine) in Egypt.
4. I (sit) on a chair and (eat) a banana..
5. Bad students never (work) hard.
6. It (rain) in winter. It (rain) now.
7. I (wake up) at seven and (have) breakfast at half past.
8. He generally (sing) in English but today he (sing) in French.
9. The teacher (point) at the blackboard when he (want) to explain something.
10. Mother (cook) some food in the kitchen at present; she always (cook) in the mornings.
11. I always (meet) you on the comer of this street,
12, The baby (cry) because it is hungry now.
13. I (spend) this week-end in Alexandria. I (go) there nearly every week.
14. "Where are you?" "I- (sit) in the kitchen," "What you (do) there?" "I (help) my mother."
15. "Where you (go) now?" "I (go) to the theatre." "I (go) tonight also, but I (not go) very
       often."  "I (go) every week, but tonight I (go) for the second time in three days."

2. Present simple or present continuous?  INTERMEDIATE.
1. Ships (travel) from Southampton to New York every other day.
2. John (travel) to England tomorrow.
3. On my way to work I generally (meet) many children who (go) to school. .
4. Look, a man (run) after the tram. He (want) to catch it.
5. It (be) very cold now. ?You (think) it (freeze)?
6. The sun (warm) the air and (give) us light.
7. "What you (read) when you are on holiday?" " I (read) detective stories. Now I (read) “The
     Five Orange Pips by Sherlock Holmes.”
8. Joan (swim) very well, but she (not dive).
9. "What music you (play) next?" "Sheila (sing) a song by Schubert; she (sing) it very well."
10. Wood (float) on water, but iron (not float).
12. "You (understand) the present tense now?" "I (do) an exercise on it at this moment and I
      (think) I that I (know) how to use it now."

Stative and dynamic verbs
Note that we can describe three classes of verbs:
A Dynamic verbs which have simple and continuous forms (most verbs in English):
     I often listen to records.
     I’m listening to a record.
B  Verbs which are always stative:
     This coat belongs to you.
C  Verbs that have stative and dynamic uses:
      I’m weighing myself. (a deliberate action)
      I weigh 65 kilos ( a state)

3. Stative and dynamic verbs. INTERMEDIATE.
1. This tea (taste) like water.
2. She (taste) the soup to see if she put enough salt in it.
3. He (hate) to be called Jim.
4. You’ve spilt your coffee; you ( not be) very careful today.
5. Everything (seem) to be in order.
6. This house (belong) to them.
7. What (contain) this old trunk?
8. What are you doing? I (smell) this rose.
9. It (smell) very good.
10. The children (have) cakes and (drink) milk.

4. Past simple or Past continuous? ELEMENTARY.
1. He (sit) in a café when I (see) him.
2. When I (go) out the sun (shine).
3. The boy (fall) down while he (run).
4. When the war (begin) we (live) in London.
5. The light (go out) while I (have) tea.
6. I (have) tea when the light (go out).
7. My friends (sing) when I (come) into the room.
8. While you (play) the piano I (write) a letter.
9. When I (be) at school I (learn) Latin.
10. He (eat) his dinner when I (go) to see him.
11. You (wear) your new hat when I (meet) you yesterday.
12. When the phone (ring), I (have) a bath.
13. Large crowds (wait) at the station when the Prime Minister (arrive).
14. He (eat) three sandwiches while you (talk) to him.
15. While he (write) a letter, the telephone (ring); as he (go) to answer it, he (hear) a knock at
      the door; the telephone still (ring) while he (walk) to the door, but just as he (open) it, it
      (stop).

HABIT IN THE PAST
Note that
Used to + infinitive (expresses past actions that happened often but no longer happen... and past situations that no longer exit.): I used to smoke; She used to be very shy.
Would + infinitive: describes past repeated actions that no longer happen: My father would always read the paper at breakfast.
Be used to + gerund / noun.: I’m used to Valencia traffic because I’ve lived there for a long time. / He is used to getting up early.
Get used to + gerund / noun.: The new teachers soon get used to life here. / They have got used to working late.

6. Translate the following sentences.
1. Ella nunca se ha acostumbrado a vivir en un pueblo pequeño.
2. Él siempre está diciendo mentiras.
3. Mi padre no me suele escuchar.
4. Hace unos años solíamos ir a Benidorm en verano.
5. No solía gustarme la música clásica, pero ahora si.
6. Al principio, no podía entender a la gente porque no estaba acostumbrado a su acento.
7. Nunca me acostumbré a la comida inglesa.
8. Tengo los ojos irritados porque no estoy acostumbrado a las lentillas de contacto.
9. Antes las mujeres no solían ir a los partidos de fútbol.

7. Present Perfect or Simple Past? ELEMENTARY
1.Columbus (discover) America more than 400 years ago.
2. I (not see) you for more than a week.
3. How long (you know) him?
4. How long ago (be) the last war?
5. They (come) here a month ago.
6. He (not speak) to me for over three weeks.
7. How long ago (you arrive) here?
8. We (finish) our supper half an hour ago.
9. She.(not have) a holiday for tour years.
10. I (not play) the violin since I was a little boy.

8. Complete the following sentences with each of the given alternative endings by inserting SINCE or FOR:
1. 1 haven't seen you ... (a) Christmas;      (b) three days.
2. We've been here ... (a) an hour and a half;     (b) January.
3- She hasn't spoken to me ... (a) more than two years;     (b) last week.
4. They have lived in this street ... (a) 1919;     (b) the last ten years;     (c) a long time.
5. 1 haven't had time to do it ... (a) I was ill;     (b) last Monday.
6. We haven't bought any new ones... (a) a week;     (b) ages;     (c) then.
7. There hasn't been a famine ... (a) centuries;     (b) the Middle Ages.
8. I haven’t eaten any meat... (a) over a year.;     (b) I was a little boy/girl.
9. Nobody has written to me ... (a) many weeks;     (b) my birthday
9. Present Perfect.  (Simple or Continuous) ? INTERMEDIATE
l. I (live) here since 1950.
2. He (work) in this factory for ten years.
3. "You (wait) long for me?" "Yes. I (stand) here in the rain for half an hour."
4. Look! That light (burn) all night.
5. Lunch is not quite ready yet, although I (cook) all morning.
6. The cat (sit) in front of the fire all day.
7. I (look) at this picture for the last five minutes, but I can't see you in it.
8. I (look for) my pen all day, but I (not find) it yet.

10. Past Perfect or Past Simple? ELEMENTARY
 l. She told me his name after he (leave).
2. He (do) nothing before he saw me.
3. My friend enjoyed his food as soon as he (taste) it.
4. He thanked me for what I (do).
5. I (be) sorry that I had hurt him.
6. After they had gone, I (sit) down and (rest).
7. Did you post the letter after you (write) it?
8. As soon as you (go), I wanted to see you again.
9. They dressed after they (wash).
10. After I had heard the news, I (hurry) to see him.
11. She told me her name after I (ask) her twice.
12. After you (go), I went to sleep.
13. I read the book after I (finish) my work.
14. When we arrived, the dinner already (begin).

11. Going to or Will ?  ( Sometimes both going to and will are possible.)
1. Look at those clouds! I think it .……………………………. (rain).
2. "What's the weather forecast for tomorrow?" "They said it…………....(be)  cold and wet
      but it.…………………………..(improve) in the afternoon.
3. The government has predicted that inflation and unemployment………………….. (fall) by
     the end of the year.
4. He's really worried because he hasn't studied and he doesn’t think he …………………..
    (pass) the exam.
5. Have you seen these figures? A lot of companies………….. (close) if the economic
    situation doesn't improve.
6. I feel very light-headed. I think I………………………... (faint).
7. I’m sure we…………………………... (be) there by midnight.
8. Be careful! The glass .………………………….. (fall).
9. He ………………………….. (be) eighty on Tuesday.

12. Going to or Will  or Present Continuous?
1.  Starting tomorrow, I.………………………… (get up) at 8 every day.
2. Where ……………….………..(go) on holiday this year?
3. A: The phone is ringing.
    B: I …………………………….. (answer) it.
4. If you do that again, I…………………….………….. (hit) you.
5. A: I’m going out for a drink.
    B: Wait a minute. I …………………………….…….. (come) with you.
6. If you like, he ………………………... (help) you with your homework.
7. Mr Evans.…………………….…..(fly) to London on Friday for a meeting in the afternoon.
8. I really like the car. I ………………………….….... (give) you £1000 for it.
9. He ………………………….. (meet) Chris at the cinema tonight at 11 o’clock.
10. They …………………………….. (move) house on the 12th.

13. Complete these sentences using the future continuous or the future perfect.
Examples: F.C.: At this time next week I will be travelling to England.
                  F.P.: By this time next week we will have finished our exams.
By this time next year she .......…………………………. (finish) her school studies.
This time tomorrow I……………………………..... (prepare) to leave.
You can’t arrive at midnight. The party……………………………............. (finish).
Don’t come at two o’clock, we……………………………........ (have) lunch.
Good luck in the exam!  I……………………………….... (think) of you.
....…………………………………....(not play) tomorrow, he’s hurt his leg.

Translate the following sentences.
1. Estoy planeando visitar a mi hermana aunque a ella no le gusta.

2. A estas horas, la semana que viene, estaré comiendo con mi major amigo.

3. Mi familia luchará por sus derechos.

4. A pesar de sus diferentes opinions, las familias seguirán evolucionando.

5. Estaré pasando unos días con mi familia dentro de dos semanas.


ADJECTIVES ENDING IN –ED AND –ING.

1. The film was very bored / boring.
2. I’m interested / interesting in webpage design.
3. I’m tired / tiring after such a long day.
4. Her reasons were very convinced / convincing.
5. His explanation was very confusing / confused.
6. The film was amusing / amused.
7. My parents were delighting / delighted with my marks.
8. It was a very tired job / tiring job.
9. It was amazed / amazing to see the Earth from above.
10. I’m confused / confusing. Can you repeat that?

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN –ING/-ED ; FUL / LESS.

1.  Nos quedamos sorprendidos porque el final era sorprendente.
2.  Nosotros creemos que el arte es muy interesante.
3.  Era una película muy divertida.
4.  Nos encontramos en una situación desesperada.
5.  Fue una experiencia terrorífica.